When the metallurgical smelting process is complete, the lime in the flux has been chemically combined with the aluminates and silicates of the ore and coke ash to form a nonmetallic product called blast furnace slag. Granulated blast furnace slag granulated blast furnace slag is a glassy granular material that varies, depending on the chemical composition and method of production, from a coarse, popcornlike friable structure greater than 4. Activation of blast furnace slag with soda production. Effects of fineness and chemical composition of blast. Development of engineered cementitious composites with. Flowability, setting times, compressive strength, efflorescence, and carbonation resistance and shrinkage were tested. Ugmat blast furnace slag recycled materials resource center.
The effects of fines and chemical composition of three types of ground granulated blast furnace slag ggbfs on various concrete properties were studied. Nov 24, 2014 free power how to convert an old washing machine into a water powered generator duration. Wdxrf and spark oes analysis of foundry iron and furnace. Torii k, sasatani t, kawamura m 1995 effects of fly ash, blast furnace slag, and silica fume on resistance of mortar to calcium chloride attack. Li g, zhao x 2003 properties of concrete incorporating fly ash and ground. Cdic can now conduct more than 100 mechanical tests, out of which, 55 tests come under the nabl accreditation. Alkaliactivated slag aas binders are produced by alkaline activation of watercooled ground granulated blast furnace slag ggbfs, which is. Effects of fineness and chemical composition of blast furnace. The blast furnace bf slag is the highest quantity metallurgical slag in the iron and steel industry, which has been used as the main raw. It consists of nonferrous components contained in the iron ore together with limestone as an auxiliary materials and ash from coke. During blast furnace operations, the plant operator pays careful attention to the slag chemistry both composition and variability as slag behavior is a major consideration in ensuring the quality of hot metal molten iron. Durability of soft soil treated with soda residue and ground granulated blast furnace slag in a soaking environment. Testing the hardness of metals types and comparisons.
There are four major parts of blast furnace from bottom to top hearth, bosh, stack and top. Characterization of ladle furnace slag from carbon steel. The report discusses acbfs aggregate production and properties, and the properties of concrete produced with acbfs coarse aggregate. The latent hydraulic property of the blast furnace slag gives excellent longterm strength. Blast furnace slag bfs which is defined as the nonmetallic product consisting essentially of silicates and alumina silicates of calcium and other bases, that is developed in a molten condition simultaneously with iron in a blast furnace by astm c 12516 2016 has been widely used in construction industry for more than 80 years. Granulated blast furnace slag gbfs is a byproduct of iron. The latent hydraulic property of the blastfurnace slag gives excellent longterm strength. Daube j, bakker r 1983 portland blastfurnace slag cement. The typical ranges of chemical composition of blast furnace slags in the us and canada are 3243% sio2, 716% al2o3, 3245% cao, and 515%.
The use of the lf slag in further applications requires. Blast furnace slag material description user guidelines. Part of the lecture notes in civil engineering book series lnce, volume 54. Properties of hardened concrete with blast furnace slag. Generally the products produced from this type of slag are known as air.
This waste material usually has interesting physical properties and mineralogical and chemical composition, which can be useful as granular aggregate in the production of hot mix asphalt hma. Blast furnance slag user guideline portland cement. The slag shall contain no additions and shall conform to the sulfide sulfur and sulfate chemical composition requirement. The lf slag is a byproduct from further refining molten steel after coming out of a basic oxygen furnace bof or an electric arc furnace eaf. Processing of granulated blast furnace slag and its. Aggregate properties significantly affect the workability of plastic concrete and also the durability, strength, thermal properties, and density of hardened concrete. However, this statement can be considered only partially correct. A technical advisory group tag was set up to bring together representatives from the environment agency, wrap and industry. The blast air causes the iron oxides, flux, and coke to react and iron, carbon monoxide and blastfurnace slag is produced. Granulated blast furnace slag is a glassy granular material, and its particle distribution, shape, and grain size vary, depending on the chemical composition and method of production, from popcornlike friable particles to dense, sandsize grains. Asms then further process the blast furnace slag into useful products for the construction industry such as concrete aggregates and road base products. You are sitting on a pile whose potential worth in india is at least rs. Ground granulated blast furnace slag ggbfs is designated in astm c 989 and consists mainly of silicates and aluminosilicates of calcium.
Blast furnace slag has latent hydraulic properties that permit its most common application as a cement. The flowcharacteristic of blast furnace slags is strongly influenced by the extent of reduction of iron oxide at low temperature in the granular zone besides being influenced by the composition, and the quality and the quantity of the gangue in the iron bearing materials. Grinding reduces the particle size to cement fineness. Blastfurnace slag article about blastfurnace slag by the.
Silicate and aluminate impurities from the ore and coke are combined in the blast furnace with a flux which lowers the viscosity of the slag. A book of the names and address of people living in a city. A portland cement mixed with a designated amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag. The primary components of iron and steel slag are limestone cao and silica sio 2.
Ground granulated blast furnace slag request pdf researchgate. It is a mixture of calcium and magnesium compounds, plus other impurities such as iron oxide. Free power how to convert an old washing machine into a water powered generator duration. Groundgranulated blast furnace slag is highly cementitious and high in csh calcium silicate hydrates which is a. Blast furnace slag bfs is a product of iron production, which has been widely investigated and utilized. Despite this, the overall performance of the slag blends, which was compared against a cem i 425rtype cement, was found to be better at both curing durations. The molten iron and blastfurnace slag is collected at the base of the furnace, while the gases are recirculated for fuel in the sinter process, after separation of particulate material cooper, 2005. Granulated blast furnace slag an overview sciencedirect topics.
Analysis of slag flow in blast furnace during the extraction. The iron mass was then hammered to remove the slag, yielding wrought iron. Alkaliactivated slag aas binders are produced by alkaline activation of water cooled ground granulated blast furnace slag ggbfs, which is. Use of aircooled blast furnace slag as coarse aggregate. Mar 19, 2015 blast furnace gas it is the byproduct of blast furnaces that is generated when the iron ore is reduced with coke to produce molten iron. Properties significant chemoresistance, and suppression of alkaliaggregate reaction type b and c. Converter slag in the same way as aircooled blast furnace slag, converter slag is cooled slowly by natural cooling and water spray in a cooling yard. The spe ific sur 5 face area of the granulated slag was 270 m2kg or 400 m kg and was 500 m2kg when used with fadmixture. In europe, the blast furnace developed gradually over the centuries from small furnaces operated by the romans, in which charcoal was used for reducing ore to a semisolid mass of iron containing a relatively small amount of carbon and slag. Request pdf ground granulated blast furnace slag ground granulated blast furnace. I have 2 million ton of granulated blast furnace slag.
Heat treatment quenching, hardening, and other thermal modifications p. Blast furnace slags entirely crystallized of normal composition do not have hydraulic property or only a very limited one. It is removed from the blast furnace and allowed to cool. Ggbfs is divided into three classifications based on its activity index. Granulated blast furnace slag is a glassy granular material that varies, depending on the chemical composition and method of production, from a coarse, popcornlike friable structure greater than 4. Product advantages also include volume stability, high load capacities, angular grain shapes and low bulk density. Nowadays limestone powder and blast furnace slag bfs are widely used in concrete as blended materials in cement. Activation of blast furnace slag with soda production waste. When crushed or milled to very fine cementsized particles, ground granulated blast furnace slag ggbfs has cementitious properties, which make a suitable. Selection of our books indexed in the book citation index in web of.
Strength of granulated blast furnace slag during hydration. Slag is the waste which is skimmed off the top of the molten iron that comes out of the blast furnace. The exploitation of blast furnace slag as sand replacement. Preparation and properties of blast furnace slag glass ceramics. In the case of steelmaking slag, the slag contains metal elements such as iron in oxide form. Activation of blast furnace slag by some inorganic materials.
The ground granulated blast furnace slag ggbfs is a byproduct of iron manufacturing which when added to concrete improves its properties such as workability, strength and durability. In the case of steelmaking slag, the slag contains metal elements. This waste material usually has interesting physical properties and mineralogical and chemical composition, which can be useful as granular aggregate in. It uses a blast of hot air forced through the furnace. A promising type of steel slag for applications is the ladle furnace lf slag, which is also known as the basic slag, the reducing slag, the white slag, and the secondary refining slag. Astm c989 c989m 18a standard specification for slag. This report presents available information regarding the use of aircooled blast furnace slag acbfs as coarse aggregate in concrete pavements. Appendix a contains a list of tag members and appendix b gives its terms of reference. Slag cement also called ground granulated blast furnace slag is a hydraulic cement produced during the reduction of iron ore to iron in a blast furnace. Any material expands when heat ed, and contracts when cooled.
Groundgranulated blastfurnace slag ggbs or ggbfs is obtained by quenching molten iron slag a byproduct of iron and steelmaking from a blast furnace in water or steam, to produce a glassy, granular product that is then dried and ground into a fine powder. Carbonates, either limestone caco 3 or dolomite mgco 3, are frequently added to the blast furnace for slag composition control. Conservation of natural resources, reduction of co2 through reduced use of clinkers and energy savings. Furnaces and refractories fusion dust and slag or by the action of alkalies on fireclay refractories, to form alkalialumina silicates. Approximately 290 kg of slag is generated for each ton of pig iron. This material is obtained by the heating of iron ore, limestone and coke at a temperature about 1500 degree celsius. The charge of blast furnace possesses successive layers of iron ore, scrap, coke, and limestone and some steel scrap which is fed from the top of the furnace. Chemical content identification factors and composition standards p. Groundgranulated blastfurnace slag ggbs or ggbfs is obtained by quenching molten iron. The blast furnace slag should be a freeflowing one at the operating temperatures to ensure efficient slagmetal separation. Moreover, deep bluegreen color shown by interior part of slag concrete and can be noticed from slag concrete broken parts, for example, after compressive strength test.
Behavior of hotmix asphalt containing blast furnace slag. Blastfurnace slag article about blastfurnace slag by. Ground granulated blast furnace slag in concrete and its. Metallurgical slag is a valuable additive in cement making. The efficiency, which the molten blast furnace slag is rapidly chilled, as well as the chemical composition of the slag source, largely determines its cementitious properties for use in concrete. Molten slag is tapped from a blast furnace, rapidly quenched with water granulated, dried and ground to a fine powder. The typical ranges of chemical composition of blast furnace slags in the us and canada are 3243 % sio2, 716% al2o3, 3245% cao, and 515%. The blast furnace slag used in this investigation was either granulated slag or pelletized slag. Blast furnace lump slag is used in civil engineering, particularly in road construction. Blastfurnace slags entirely crystallized of normal composition do not have hydraulic property or only a very limited one. The replacement of portland cement by limestone powder and bfs can lower the cost and enhance the greenness of concrete, since the production of these two materials needs less energy and causes less co 2 emission than.
Blast furnace slag an overview sciencedirect topics. Surface area properties have shown that the lf slag is a mesoporous. Other components of blast furnace slag include alumina alsub2 o 3 and magnesium oxide mgo, as well as a small amount of sulfur s, while steelmaking slag contains iron oxide feo and magnesium oxide mgo. Blast furnace slag is recovered by melting separation from blast furnaces that produce molten pig iron. A comparative study regarding chemical composition major elements of two different types of furnace slag.
The molten iron and blast furnace slag is collected at the base of the furnace, while the gases are recirculated for fuel in the sinter process, after separation of particulate material cooper, 2005. Those studied were alkali activated by liquid sodium silicate ss and sodium carbonate sc. The chemical composition of a slag varies considerably depending on the composition of the raw materials in the iron. This material also shows its strengths as a quartzfree sand in corrosion protection. Blast furnace slag is a coproduct of the iron making process. To flux the silica produced during steelmaking, limestone andor dolomite are added, as well as other types of slag conditioners such as calcium aluminate or fluorspar. The effect of slag composition and curing duration on the. Behavior of hotmix asphalt containing blast furnace slag as. The hearth acts as a storage region for molten metal and molten slag. Metallurgical slag is among the hardest stones used in road construction.
Theory and practice presents the significant role of iron blast furnace by which iron is efficiently and rapidly reduced from ore and it is the basis for all primary steelmaking. Ground granulated blast furnace slag ggbs is a glassy byproduct of pig iron production and has been used in blended cements for over 140 years 1. It is narrow at the top and has an arrangement for the introduction of ore and outlet for gases. This specification covers three strength grades of finely ground granulated blastfurnace slag grades 80, 100, and 120 for use as a cementitious material in concrete and mortars. The chemical composition of a slag varies considerably depending on the composition of the raw materials in the iron production process. Grade 80 has a low activity index and is used primarily in mass structures because.
Blast furnace it is a tall cylindrical furnace made of steel. It is then processed and used for various iron and steel slag converter applications. Zinurov, innovation in electric arc furnaces, springer, page 16. Production of high compressive strength geopolymers considering fly ash or slag chemical composition. Proceedings of 5th international conference on fly ash, silica fume, slag, and natural pozzolans in concrete, sp153, vol. Tawfiq published on 20170422 download full article with reference data and citations. A portland cement mixed with a designated amount of ground granulated blastfurnace slag.
Often, the ferrous charge is fluxed, but some room is left to add carbonates directly to the blast furnace top so that daytoday adjustments can be made to achieve a target slag chemistry. The exploitation of blast furnace slag as sand replacement in concrete written by ahmed serag faried, magdy a. Approximately 110 kg of slag is generated for each ton of converter steel. Mar 31, 2014 slag is the waste which is skimmed off the top of the molten iron that comes out of the blast furnace. It must have appreciable affinity for the gangue constituents. This can perhaps be explained by the vast amount of blast furnace slag available 6. There are four types of iron and steel industry slags, namely, the blast furnace bf iron. Blast furnace slag is formed when iron ore or iron pellets, coke and a flux either limestone or dolomite are melted together in a blast furnace. Pelletized blast furnace slag, in contrast to aircooled and expanded blast furnace slag. Wdxrf and spark oes analysis of foundry iron and furnace slags.
Blast furnace gas it is the byproduct of blast furnaces that is generated when the iron ore is reduced with coke to produce molten iron. The blast air causes the iron oxides, flux, and coke to react and iron, carbon monoxide and blast furnace slag is produced. While blast furnace slag has a long history of use as an industrial byproduct, going back almost 100 years in the united states and 150 years in europe 8, steel slag was less popular. Due to light color of blast furnace slag, color of slag concrete is lighter in comparison with conventional concrete. Significant amounts of blast furnace slag bfs are generated daily as byproduct from iron and steel industries. Basic slag is a coproduct of steelmaking, and is typically produced either through the blast furnace oxygen converter route or the electric arc furnace ladle furnace route. How pig iron is converted into iron and steel in blast. This specification covers three strength grades of finely ground granulated blast furnace slag grades 80, 100, and 120 for use as a cementitious material in concrete and mortars.
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